在一定的条件下．采用轧制的型材直接加工产品是合理的。尽管如此．在制造厂需要改锻的工具钢仍然占相当大的比重。除了热锻成形可以减少切削加工和充分利用钢材等原因之外，工具钢的改锻有利于提高钢材的内在质量，作用大致有以下几方面。
Under certain conditions, it is reasonable to directly process products with rolled profiles. Nevertheless, the tool steel that needs to be forged in the manufacturing plant still accounts for a considerable proportion. In addition to the reasons that hot forging can reduce cutting and make full use of steel, the change of forging of tool steel is conducive to improve the internal quality of steel, which has the following functions.
1)—般说来，钢材的截面愈小，锻造比愈大，冶金质量本身就愈好。出此凡是需要先经过改缎再坦行加上的工具毛坯，席尽可能选用较小截面的钢材改锻为较大截向的毛坯，这样有利于保证工具钢内部有较好的冶金质量。
1) Generally speaking, the smaller the section of steel, the larger the forging ratio, and the better the metallurgical quality itself. Therefore, for the tool blanks that need to be changed into satin and then added, the steel with smaller section shall be changed into the blank with larger section as far as possible, which is conducive to ensuring the better metallurgical quality inside the tool steel.
2)改锻使工具钢内部的流线分布比较合理。例如盘形铣刀如果用略大于具外径的钢材落料后直接进行机械加工，从钢材利用率和降低加工成本方面考虑是合理的，然而钢内央杂物排列的方向、碳化物偏析的排列方向都和切削刃口平行，即处于大的受力方向，对使用性能不利c如果用小规格的俐材经过改锻
2) Changing forging makes the streamline distribution in tool steel more reasonable. For example, if the disc-shaped milling cutter is directly machined after blanking with steel slightly larger than the outer diameter, it is reasonable in terms of steel utilization and reducing processing cost. However, the arrangement direction of sundries in the center of the steel and the arrangement direction of carbide segregation are parallel to the cutting edge, that is, they are in the direction of large force, which is unfavorable to the service performance. C if the small-size sharp material is changed and forged
(镦粗后打扁)，则流线呈放射状(径向)分布，改善了铣刀的性能.
(flattening after upsetting), the streamline is distributed radially, which improves the performance of the milling cutter
3)通过改锻商可能改善关键部位的材质，使上具受力严重的部他的材质获得改善，从而收到大幅度提高工具钢寿命的效果。
3) It is possible to improve the material of key parts by changing the forging manufacturer, so as to improve the material of parts with serious stress on the, so as to greatly improve the service life of tool steel.
4)锻造的加热过程想着扩散退火的作用。工具钢改锻时的加热温度可以略高于钢锭开坏的加热温度，因为在开坯和轧制之后，品内和品问偏析己明显改善。钢材改银加热时局部熔化的倾向减小。加热温度愈高，保温时刘愈长，偏析酌作用愈显著。显然模具钢在高温加热的过程市奥氏体晶粒长大，似在高温加
4) The heating process of forging considers the role of diffusion annealing. The heating temperature of tool steel during forging can be slightly higher than that of ingot, because the internal and external segregation has been significantly improved after billet opening and rolling. When the steel is changed to silver, the tendency of local melting decreases. The higher the heating temperature, the longer the holding time, and the more significant the effect of eliminating segregation. Obviously, the austenite grain of die steel grows during high temperature heating, which seems to increase at high temperature
热后紧接着进行压力加工，则可以细化英氏体晶粒，如果终锻温度控制得好、锻后冷却方式合理，则可以抑制网状碳化物的出现，达对于保证钢的RJ加工性和使用件能都十分重要，因此工具钢的终锻温度贩予以控制，一般应控制在表3．2的范围内。
If the pressure processing is carried out immediately after hot forging, the bainite grains can be refined. If the final forging temperature is well controlled and the cooling mode after forging is reasonable, the emergence of network carbide can be restrained, which is very important to ensure the RJ machinability and service parts of the steel. Therefore, the final forging temperature of tool steel should be controlled within the range of table 3.2.
Under certain conditions, it is reasonable to directly process products with rolled profiles. Nevertheless, the tool steel that needs to be forged in the manufacturing plant still accounts for a considerable proportion. In addition to the reasons that hot forging can reduce cutting and make full use of steel, the change of forging of tool steel is conducive to improve the internal quality of steel, which has the following functions.
1)—般说来，钢材的截面愈小，锻造比愈大，冶金质量本身就愈好。出此凡是需要先经过改缎再坦行加上的工具毛坯，席尽可能选用较小截面的钢材改锻为较大截向的毛坯，这样有利于保证工具钢内部有较好的冶金质量。
1) Generally speaking, the smaller the section of steel, the larger the forging ratio, and the better the metallurgical quality itself. Therefore, for the tool blanks that need to be changed into satin and then added, the steel with smaller section shall be changed into the blank with larger section as far as possible, which is conducive to ensuring the better metallurgical quality inside the tool steel.
2)改锻使工具钢内部的流线分布比较合理。例如盘形铣刀如果用略大于具外径的钢材落料后直接进行机械加工，从钢材利用率和降低加工成本方面考虑是合理的，然而钢内央杂物排列的方向、碳化物偏析的排列方向都和切削刃口平行，即处于大的受力方向，对使用性能不利c如果用小规格的俐材经过改锻
2) Changing forging makes the streamline distribution in tool steel more reasonable. For example, if the disc-shaped milling cutter is directly machined after blanking with steel slightly larger than the outer diameter, it is reasonable in terms of steel utilization and reducing processing cost. However, the arrangement direction of sundries in the center of the steel and the arrangement direction of carbide segregation are parallel to the cutting edge, that is, they are in the direction of large force, which is unfavorable to the service performance. C if the small-size sharp material is changed and forged
(镦粗后打扁)，则流线呈放射状(径向)分布，改善了铣刀的性能.
(flattening after upsetting), the streamline is distributed radially, which improves the performance of the milling cutter
3)通过改锻商可能改善关键部位的材质，使上具受力严重的部他的材质获得改善，从而收到大幅度提高工具钢寿命的效果。
3) It is possible to improve the material of key parts by changing the forging manufacturer, so as to improve the material of parts with serious stress on the, so as to greatly improve the service life of tool steel.
4)锻造的加热过程想着扩散退火的作用。工具钢改锻时的加热温度可以略高于钢锭开坏的加热温度，因为在开坯和轧制之后，品内和品问偏析己明显改善。钢材改银加热时局部熔化的倾向减小。加热温度愈高，保温时刘愈长，偏析酌作用愈显著。显然模具钢在高温加热的过程市奥氏体晶粒长大，似在高温加
4) The heating process of forging considers the role of diffusion annealing. The heating temperature of tool steel during forging can be slightly higher than that of ingot, because the internal and external segregation has been significantly improved after billet opening and rolling. When the steel is changed to silver, the tendency of local melting decreases. The higher the heating temperature, the longer the holding time, and the more significant the effect of eliminating segregation. Obviously, the austenite grain of die steel grows during high temperature heating, which seems to increase at high temperature
热后紧接着进行压力加工，则可以细化英氏体晶粒，如果终锻温度控制得好、锻后冷却方式合理，则可以抑制网状碳化物的出现，达对于保证钢的RJ加工性和使用件能都十分重要，因此工具钢的终锻温度贩予以控制，一般应控制在表3．2的范围内。
If the pressure processing is carried out immediately after hot forging, the bainite grains can be refined. If the final forging temperature is well controlled and the cooling mode after forging is reasonable, the emergence of network carbide can be restrained, which is very important to ensure the RJ machinability and service parts of the steel. Therefore, the final forging temperature of tool steel should be controlled within the range of table 3.2.
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